The former player: 'I really wanted to continue playing'
Important note: This article includes descriptions of discriminatory language and conduct
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell claims that speaking out to expose racial discrimination in professional rugby led his career to an premature end.
In a June 2022, Burrell characterized racism as being "rife" in the game, showing Whatsapp messages and recalling training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been a handful of games with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to end my career because of what happened," he explained to media outlets.
"I hoped to continue competing, naturally I did. I sought that, and it collapsed when word came out that there were investigations going on.
"That was difficult - I had to just come to terms with the fate and accept that this entire process is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body report in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "likely correct", but said it could not gather sufficient proof to categorically say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014 and 2015, but was surprisingly excluded for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told journalists he also faced prejudice within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him win 15 caps after his first game in February 2014.
"I've had multiple traumatic experiences within the national team," he said.
"Some discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become accepted in team environments, in Burrell's experience.
"This is something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the issue that I've personally suffered and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just begin to believe that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was finally motivated to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and told him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the elite game and to the introduction of an action plan for the elite level."
"The organization has placed considerable focus on diversity and diversity in rugby union and a great deal of work undertaken both before and after Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his experiences of racism and classism," it added.
"The organization are continuing work with clubs and partners in the professional game to strive for a environment of inclusivity but recognize this takes time and is an ongoing process."
Every Prem and women's rugby club now has in-person training on building welcoming cultures, with its success monitored via specific documentation and surveys.
All England athletes, including youth squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to intervene and defend others from harmful behaviour.
"You be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and finished your career, but in our view, you have done so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff passed away soon after the production of the documentary, and his sister died recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in his hometown, maintains his work to make the game more open.
His 12 Foundation aims to connect with children in disadvantaged communities and support them thrive both on the field with free sports coaching, mentoring and nutrition education.
"My personal intentions are genuine, I want to see the progress of the game and if others is prepared to tell their experience then I'll continue to fight that fight because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"We have an responsibility to make the game as excellent as it can be and the longer I talk about it perhaps the more comfortable fellow players will become about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I take the challenge by the opportunity and continue carrying this banner and continue supporting this weight and accomplish what I can to create opportunities and make the sport more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of poverty and I sincerely believe that the sport has the ability to change their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a comeback to previous team Northampton in November 2022